Service Marketing of The Starbucks Coffee Corporation Case Study - 1

Service Marketing of The Starbucks Coffee Corporation - Case Study Example The Starbucks was founded in the year of 1971 in Washington with the three partners. Starbucks exhibit very high operational efficiency in the recession period and good sales in the period which may cause the coffee makers to re-engineering the process to cope with the trends. Â  The branding strategy of the products are very good and it is made available in the different ways through the supply chain management possible, the second strategy includes the customer intimacy and the encouraging experience in them, the third includes the atmosphere that is based on the human experiences and the community. The efficient channels of distribution of the offers to the nation company-operated retail channels and the 15% of the revenue contribution are from the retail channel of distribution. Â  The main philosophy of the Starbucks is the reach of the products to the customers irrespective of the time and the cost and making it available at an ease. The strength of the employees in the star buck corporation is very high and they have partners of around 60000 and in North America, they have about 5000 partners. The employee turnover is very less for the star bucks. When an employee is recruited in the firm he is taught the hard skills like the maintenance of the cash book, vouchers and the soft skills like the pleasing personality and the good customer service. Â  The marketing issues in the Starbucks are the labor problem in North America, The Starbucks in the urban areas pay good wages to the employees to retain the employees. The issues also occur in comparison with the barista efficiency by the no value added the task. Â  

Display screen Essay Example for Free

Display screen Essay A monitor can be considered as a window into the computers memory. It allows data entry to be checked by echoing input characters on the screen. The disadvantage of monitors is that data on the screen is temporary (called softcopy) and they can hold only limited amount of data. Quality Factor Resolution Resolution defines sharpness and clarity of an image and is specified as the number of dots per character. Modern packages are using a lot of graphics and therefore require high-resolution monitors. Display Adaptors Adaptors are cards installed in motherboard to control a monitor. The following specifications were evolving over the years:   Hercules mono   Colour Graphics Adaptor (CGA) low quality   Enhanced Graphics Adaptor (EGA) medium quality   Video Graphics Array (VGA and Super VGA) high quality   Extended Graphics Array (XGA) successor of SVGA, has the power to handle the video and animation requirements of the modern multimedia packages and games Bit Mapping Technique For monochrome displays, only one bit of memory is required for each pixel. If it is set to 1, the pixel is illuminated. If the corresponding memory location contains 0, the pixel is left dark. A binary representation in RAM The equivalent screen representation Figure 1. Bitmapped representation of letter T coding in RAM and corresponding image on screen For colour monitors, more than one bit is required to keep information about a pixel because apart from illuminated or not setting, colour specification is also required. Monitors that are capable of displaying 16 colours only would require 4 bits of memory per pixel (16 = 24). Figure out how many bits of memory per pixel are required to give a choice of 512 colours? Thus the required size of visual memory depends on the number of pixels on the screen (resolution factor) and on the number of colours available. If you are buying a modern monitor which is bigger than 14, it is desirable to have at least 2 M of memory on the video card. Types of Monitors 1). Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Technology: A beam of electrons lights up pixels/dots on the screen Colour is achieved by combining Red/Green/Blue (RGB) of different intensities. Size: Size is measured diagonally (corner to corner). Today monitors are available in sizes 14, 15, 17, 21. But the monitor size doesnt tell anything about the maximum viewable image size. The bezel in front of every monitors CRT diminishes the viewable area by approximately an inch. When deciding on which monitor to buy, think of which resolution youll be working in most frequently. The higher the resolution, the bigger the monitor is required. Monitors usually display 25 lines 80 characters each in text mode. Standard Resolutions (in pixels) VGA 640 x 480 SVGA 800 x 600 XGA 1024 x 768 1280 x 1024 1600 x 1200 Some high-end monitors support these high resolutions. Designed for professional level work,1600 x 1280 e. g. computer-aided design or desktop publishing 1800 x 1440 Supported by at least one: ViewSonic P815 Mega An interlaced monitor draws its screen in two passes. First it draws every second line and then fills in the missing lines. Interlacing is noticeable because of flicking screen and can cause headaches. A non-interlaced monitor draws its screen in one pass. Another reason for a flicking screen is the frequency with which the monitor redraws its screen called refresh rate or vertical scan rate. The bottom line should be 75Hz so that flickering effect doesnt show up. Ensure that your monitor and graphics card can be synchronised to the same refresh rate. 2). LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) These displays are known as being used in calculators and watches. They have an advantage of being cheap but a disadvantage is that it is very hard to see what they display in the dark. They are used in laptops because they are flat. LCDs come as monochrome or colour. Monochrome LCD images usually appear as dark gray images on a grayish-white background. Color Liquid Crystal Displays use two basic techniques for producing color: passive matrix and active matrix. Passive matrix is the less expensive of the two technologies. It offers good contrast and viewing angle suitable for graphical user interfaces but its colors are not particularly sharp and it has slow reaction times. This is the most popular display used in notebook computers today. It consists of a grid of horizontal and vertical wires. At the intersection of each grid is an LCD element which constitutes a single pixel, either letting light through or blocking it. Active-matrix technology, also called thin film transistor (TFT), produces color images that are as sharp as traditional CRT displays at 1/8 the space, but the technology is expensive. For multimedia applications with video images the fast response time of TFT active matrix displays is ideal. For color active matrix provides individual color bits for each displays. An active-matrix display uses from one to four transistors to control each pixel. LCDs do not exaggerate actual viewing areas like regular monitors. For example, a 9. 4 LCD provides 9. 4 diagonal viewing area. This is the equivalent of an 11 CRT. Color LCD Comparison Chart Technology Contrast Ratio Response Viewing Angle Price Passive Matrix 20:1 300 ms Medium Medium Active Matrix 60:1 80 ms High High 3). Gas Plasma Gas-plasma display is a type of flat display screen, called a flat-panel display, used in some portable computers. Images on gas-plasma displays generally appear as orange objects on a black background. Although gas-plasma displays produce very sharp monochrome images, they require much more power than the more common LCD displays. Technology: A grid of conductors are sealed between two flat plates of glass; neon and/or argon gas fills the space between the plates. Comparison Of LCDs and Gas-Plasma Displays: Type Readability Battery Life Cost LCD Lowest Longest Lowest Gas plasma High Shortest.

Petrozuata Case Study

Petrozuata Case Study Petrolera Zuata, Petrozuata C.A. Voilis Athanasios 1) Introduction – Case Study In 1976, after nationalization of the domestic oil industry a stated owned enterprise Petroleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) was established for the purposes of managing the country’s hydrocarbon resources and promoting economic development. It was the world’s second largest oil and gas company with reserves in Venezuela and refineries across the Europe, United States, and the Caribbean. Domestically, PDVSA provided 78% of Venezuela’s export revenues, 59% of the government’s fiscal revenues, and 26% of nation’s GDP and had a reputation of being one of the best managed national oil companies. In 1990, PDVSA started an ambitious long-term project, which main aim was to double its domestic production and expand international markets. For the implementation of this venture, the company needed to raise investments for approximate amount of USD$ 65 bn. At that time neither PDVSA nor Venezuelan government had the possibility to finance the underlined expansion. As a solution, it was decided to establish a strategy called â€Å"La Apertura†, which opened the Venezuelan oil sector to foreign companies through profit sharing agreements, operating service agreements, and strategic joint ventures associations. Unfortunately, such initiative overlapped with political instability and economic turmoil in the country. Only in the early 1990s two failed military coups and the impeachment of President Perez took place. In late 1993, because of the severe crisis in the banking system, the administration suspended a number of constitutional rights, imposed price control on basic goods and services, and took direct control over most of the banking system. Moreover, the foreign exchange markets were closed and began rationing foreign currency to the private sector. Few years later, by the time of the deal closing, due to an economic and social reform program of President Caldera, the economy had begun to recover, but with coming presidential elections, public tension was also growing. All in all, the feasibility of the project was under the pressure of  the sovereign risk. The rating agencies were considering three principal risks: possible government action, currency market volatility, and Venezu elan business conditions. The first development project of reopening Venezuelan oil sector to foreign investments was Petrozuata. It is a USD$ 2.424 bn joint venture between Conoco and Maraven as a part of PDVSA. Conoco was the petroleum subsidiary of one of the largest chemical producer in the world E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (DuPont). That time Conoco recently completed projects in Russia, Norway, USA and was a recognized leader in refining technology and project development. Underlined parties started feasibility studies and negotiations for a joint project in 1992. After four years of planning, Conoco and Maraven had made a mutual decision to finance this deal on a project finance basis, because of financial and organizational benefits provided by such structure. PDSVA could not have built the project alone because of its lack of specialized assets needed to extract and upgrade syncrude oil. On the other hand, foreign ownership of domestic hydrocarbon resources is prohibited by law, closing all ways for a sole expansion by Conoco. In terms of ownership structure, it was strategically decided that PDVSA subsidiary contributed less than 50% of the total equity amount but, through its preferred shares, would retain voting control. Because PDVSA would be the minority shareholder, the company would be classified as private. As a consequence, it would not consolidate into PDVSA’s balance sheet and, more importantly, they would not be bound by legislation for public companies (public procurement bidding procedure, excessive accountability, etc.). Final association agreement had a term of 35 years beginning once production started in 2001. The equity ownership contributions were set up in such way that Maraven had 49.9% of shares and 50.1% for Conoco. After accomplishing of the agreement, Conoco has an obligation to transfer its shares to Maraven at no cost. Also, to give incentive to the project, the government agreed to decrease the royalty rate during early operation years and the Congress agreed to lower the income tax rate from 67,7% to 34%. The sponsors agreed to use USD$ 975 mn of equity and USD$ 1.45 bn of debt to finance the project, which corresponded to 60% of debt-to-equity ratio. Such high percent of equity contributions to the project were chosen to show the sponsor’s commitment to the project. In 1996, for the beginning of the project, sponsors contributed USD$ 79 mn of paid-in capital. Additional contributions including contingency fund were projected to infuse in the following 4 years for the total amount of USD$ 366 mn. For the outstanding sum of USD$ 530 mn, shareholders chose a risky plan to use cash flows from the sale of early production crude, after completion of the oil fields and pipeline in August 1998. It is necessary to mention that risks peculiar to underlined financial mechanism were mitigated through a good execution plan and strong sponsor guarantees. Concerning the sources of debt financing, Petrozuata raised USD$ 450 mn as a loan from commercial banks with loan guarantees from bilateral and multilateral agencies, such as U.S. ExIm Bank, Export Development Corporation of Canada, OPIC and IFC. Those agencies would mitigate Venezuela’s political and economic instability by providing political risk insurance. However, the major funding source of the project was the American private placement market. Petrozuata received USD$ 1 bn of debt from the Rule 144A market. These bonds were chosen because of the additional advantage of speed and less onerous disclosure requirements imposed by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Petrozuata project had three main components: a series of inland wells to produce the crude, a pipeline system to transport the crude to the coast, and an upgrader facility to partially refine the crude. It was unusual and a highly complicated to finance multiple component projects on a standalone basis. A special system of contracts and commitments were designed and implemented to make the project feasible. A detailed scheme of contracts and commitments is provided in Figure 2. For instance, sponsors mitigated the incentive problem and managerial inefficiency by creating a small board of directors comprised of two directors from each sponsor, and using compensation contracts for managers that were linked to the project performance. Also was realized the major benefit of project finance: public-sector management was substituted for private-sector. The construction risk was allocated to sponsors. Conoco and Maraven agreed to provide funds for any cost overruns prior to completion. Also, the parent companies guaranteed these obligations. The guarantee has a unique structure in terms of the difference in ratings between parties – DuPont (AA-) and PDSVA (B). The parties agreed to include severe penalties for failing to meet their obligations and incentives to cover the other party’s shortfalls. It was a good example of how project finance could substitute the lack of development in emerging countries. After construction would be completed, together with major risks, the sponsor guarantees would also end and the project would become non-recourse to the sponsors. Figure 2: Petrozuata contracts and commitments Source: (Esty 1998) 25 Secondly, sponsors considered within the budget, a USD$ 38 mn contingency for upstream facilities, a USD$ 139 mn contingency for downstream facilities, and sufficient funds to pay premiums on a construction all risk insurance policy covering up to USD$ 1.5 bn of physical loss or damage. Another risk allocation mechanism in the current project was the use of an off-take agreement with the guarantee from the parent company DuPont. According to this agreement, Conoco took an obligation toward Petrozuata to purchase the first 86.6% of Petrozuata’s syncrude, for the whole 35-year life of the project, based on the market price. Moreover, the project company had the right to sell the syncrude to third parties if it could get a higher price. Such scheme eliminate ex post bargaining costs, and deter opportunistic behavior by providing incentives to both sponsors to act in the project’s best interest in the area where contracts would have been costly or impossible to write. Also, with an arrangement authorized by the Venezuelan government the project had a prioritization of cash flows as a main element of the contractual agreements. Petrozuata’s customers would deposit their dollar-denominated funds from the purchases into and offshore account maintained by Banker Trust, governed by the law of New York. Afterwards, the Trustee would disburse the money according to a payment hierarchy. First, the Trustee would make the transfer to a 90-day operating expense account; second, to service the project’s debt obligations; and, third, make deposits to a Debt Service Reserve Account as needed to maintain six months of principal interest. Finally, the project implemented a â€Å"cash trap† basically meaning that if the project maintains an one-year historical and one-year projected Debt Service Coverage Ratio of 1.35X, then the Trustee would transfer any remaining funds to Petrozuata for distribution to its equityholders. To sum up, Petrozuata is an example of the effective use of project finance in developing countries. The adverse circumstances following financial closure provide further evidence of the durability and merits of the project finance structure. The deal set numerous precedents in the bank and capital markets. For these

Essay -- Papers

[IMAGE] A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODIC TABLE Although Dmitri Mendeleev is often considered the "father" of the periodic table, the work of many scientists contributed to its present form. [IMAGE] In the Beginning A necessary prerequisite to the construction of the periodic table was the discovery of the individual elements. Although elements such as gold, silver, tin, copper, lead and mercury have been known since antiquity, the first scientific discovery of an element occurred in 1649 when Hennig Brand discovered phosphorous. During the next 200 years, a vast body of knowledge concerning the properties of elements and their compounds was acquired by chemists (view a 1790 article on the elements). By 1869, a total of 63 elements had been discovered. As the number of known elements grew, scientists began to recognize patterns in properties and began to develop classification schemes. Law of Triads In 1817 Johann Dobereiner noticed that the atomic weight of strontium fell midway between the weights of calcium and barium, elements possessing similar chemical properties. In 1829, after discovering the halogen triad composed of chlorine, bromine, and iodine and the alkali metal triad of lithium, sodium and potassium he proposed that nature contained triads of elements the middle element had properties that were an average of the other two members when ordered by the atomic weight (the Law of Triads). This new idea of triads became a popular area of study. Between 1829 and 1858 a number of scientists (Jean Baptiste Dumas, Leopold Gmelin, Ernst Lenssen, Max von Pettenkofer, and J.P. Cooke) fou... ... varied periodically with atomic number. The question of why the periodic law exists was answered as scientists developed an understanding of the electronic structure of the elements beginning with Niels Bohr's studies of the organization of electrons into shells through G.N. Lewis' (see a picture) discoveries of bonding electron pairs. The Modern Periodic Table The last major changes to the periodic table resulted from Glenn Seaborg's work in the middle of the 20th Century. Starting with his discovery of plutonium in 1940, he discovered all the transuranic elements from 94 to 102. He reconfigured the periodic table by placing the actinide series below the lanthanide series. In 1951, Seaborg was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work. Element 106 has been named seaborgium (Sg) in his honor.

Facebook Effect

Facebook effects Social network makes a big change into our life. Facebook is a new place to communicate, and entertain. Mark Zuckerberg, founder of Facebook, is an absolutely talented person. The creation of Facebook let us easier to communicate and share our opinion to other, and this is the reason makes Facebook becomes so popular. As the facebook is getting famous, people fall so deeply in Facebook which they spend too much time on it. Facebook has a big influence on us; we should reduce the amount of time that we wasted on it.One reason, facebook can affect the relationship between friends and family. One function of facebook is chat or message; this function replaced face to face communication or phone. Most of the teenager use chat instead of other communication’s ways, this cause them forget how to converse when face to face. As the facebook becomes more convenient for us, we apply more time on it. It may disturb the time we shared with family or someone you love.For e xample, facebook can increase jealousy in a relationship, because you can know everything by checking other person’s wall. It may makes more argues or breaks up. Another reason, facebook can indirectly change our health. With the new technology, the social network isn’t just on our computer, it also locate on our cell phone. We pay out lot of time to look at the small screen phone when we are on the bed, on transportation, and in the cafe. This behavior is so harmful that our eyes will hurt a lot.Facebook is a public environment for us to commend or communicate with other. However, some people wrote negative commend on someone status or wall, it possibly will hurt that person feeling and this is a form of mental damage. The main reason why we should reduce the time of being online on Facebook is because it can affect our education, especially children. Most of the children don’t have a good self control. Therefore they will use tons of time for chatting with fri ends, analyzing their wall and playing game on facebook.Since they spend most of the day on facebook, they will forget or procrastinate to do their homework assignment. This will drop down their grade in school. Slang is another big problem on education. While we are talking through message, we usually put slang into our sentence. This decreases our knowledge of English, and we will feel confusion while we are writing a regular essay. Facebook also contains unconstructive and harmful information, which can manipulate the children to do something wrong. Facebook predominately change our life.It is a wonderful social site where we meet new friend and entertain ourselves. Although facebook is an excellent place for us to communicate, it has several bad effects on us. Facebook can destroy our relationship between family and friend. If you stay online for too long every day, you will sense that you health will probably get worst and it will affect our grade in school too. Even though fac ebook can reduce our stress, we should reduce the time that we used on facebook In order to balance our life.

Loan Syndication

LOAN SYNDICATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE BUSINESS FINANCING STRATEGY IN NIGERIA TABLE OF CONTENT Title page Approval page Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. Background of the study 2. Statement of the problem 3. Objectives of the study 4. Significance of the study 5. Scope, limitations and delimitations 6. Statement of hypothesis 7. Definition of terms. CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 1. Types and sources of loan to Union Bank of Nigeria Plc. 2. Factors to be considered by Consortium of Financial Institutions before giving out Loans to business Organization. . Factors to be considered by Union Bank of Nigeria before using Loan syndication as a source of finance. 4. Securities and interest rates acceptable to the Union Bank of Nigeria. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 1. Sources of data 2. Survey Instrument or Instrument of Data collection. 3. Location of data 4. Research questions. CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 1. Presentatio n of Data 2. Analysis of data 3. Interpretation of Data. CHAPTER FIVE FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 1. Findings 2. Recommendation 3. Conclusion Bibliography Appendix PROPOSALLOAN SYNDICATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE BUSINESS FINANCING STRATEGY IN NIGERIA Lack of fund has been one of the major problems militating against the progress and growth of our business organizations in Nigeria. This is caused by a lot of factors such as low savings (vicious circle of poverty), ignorance of the public to invest, mismanagement etc. there are many ways of solving the problems of finance and providing adequate finance to our business organizations such as equity stock, savings, ploughing back profits, but for the purpose of this research, we have to pay attention to loan syndication.This research will focus on the appraisal of the methods and ways through which Union Bank of Nigeria Plc source for fund in form of loan from a group of financial institutions such as commercial banks, merchant ba nks, insurance companies, development banks and financial institution like governments thrift societies friends. It will also focus on the different classes of loan notably, long-term loan, medium term loan, and short term loan.The classes of loan provided by the different types of financial institutions enumerated above will also be considered by Union Bank of Nigeria before using loan as a source of finance instead of other sources. Similarity, it is also pertinent to treat the factors, which are considered by consortium of financial institutions before giving out loans to business organizations. The securities and interest rates treatment acceptable to the consortium will also be look into. Also, the reason why some financial institutions do not go into loan syndication will also be inquired into.Before ending this research, it is important to study how the interest of the constitution is protected in the Union Bank of Nigeria as well as how the interest of each member of the con sortium is protected within the group. These points enumerated above when treated, Union Bank of Nigeria chooses to finance their projects and particularly loan syndication and we feel anybody who enjoys it. Summarily, the research work will be grouped into five chapters. Chapter one will contain the introduction, sub-topics as background of study, statement of problem, objectives of study, significance of study and so on.Chapter two contains the literature review. This chapter will give the detailed analysis of the topic. It is here that we state the meaning of the topic of the research different types of syndicated credit finance, the procedures for syndicating a loan etc. Chapter three will cover the research methodology and techniques. The sources of data, the instrument of data of data collection and the place the data is located. Chapter four, which is the data presentation and analysis will show the presentation of the data collected both in tables and charts, pie chart may a lso be used. Finally, chapter five which summaries the other chapters.The findings recommendations and the conclusion will be contained in this chapter. Having said much, this research study will be specifically limited to Union Bank of Nigeria Plc Onitsha Anambra State. CHAPTER ONE 1. 1 INTRODOUCTION OF THE STUDY The velalive insufficiency of fund for capital investment is a common factor in every economy especially in developing counties of the world. In developing counties like Nigeria; the low level of capital investment manifest in high unemployment rates; low productivity and corresponding low standard of living for greater majority of the population.Finding a solution to this problem of providing fund for capital investment has been a major pre-occupation of financial institutions in Nigeria. Beyond the traditional term loan; share offers; bonds and on; business organizations and financial institutions alike have sought out avenue to tackle the problem of insufficient fund fo r capital investment. One of the solutions they have come up with is syndicated loan or multiple credit facilities , which is aimed at spreading risks and weakening the impact of restricting laws and regulation on lending by financial institutions .Syndicate has been defined as an association of industrialist, or financial or banking consortium forced to carry out some industrial projects. Accordingly, loan syndication is basically defined as an agreement between two or borrower with credit facility utilizing common loan documentation. The spectacular growth of loan syndication as an alternative financial instrument for business organization occurred as response to several economic factors in Nigeria. Notable among these were: – The National industrial policy of 1989, which is aimed at achieving, accelerated pace of industrial growth in Nigeria economy. The Introduction of structural adjustment programmed in 1986, culminating in the establishment of foreign Exchange market (F E M) and depreciation of the aria, This made imported machinery and equipment very expensive and requiring hung capital outlays which most companies or financial institution can not comfortably afford. – Restriction on credit expansion by government and monetary authorities to minimize inflation. Central bank of Nigeria dose not included syndicated loan finance with in the credit checking, banks are there fore, able to syndicate loans with out interfering with the credit ceiling. The scrapping of import license regime which enabled more users of imported equipment and machineries to source and bring into the country. – Deregulation of interest rate made loan syndication attractive to both business organizations and financial institutions. The above factors concerned with the persistent domestic inflation and arising cost of domestic production have increased the magnitude of credits demand by vanoys users of fund particularly the industrial producers.In addition, ther e are certain legal and regulatory limitations on lending activities of commercial and merchant banks such as the statutory lending limit as provided in the banking act of 1969s. 13 (1) , the liquidity requirement ,e t c . In order to surmount these legal and regulatory limitations on lending activities of commercial bank (union bank) and merchant banks, loan syndication has become an attractive credit delivery technique aimed at spreading risks reducing the impact of the restricting laws and regulations.Currently, there exists no comprehensive enacted law on loan syndication in the country as to regulate the activities of the financial institution that lead and participate in the syndication. What is perhaps significant about loan syndication in the country is not the rapid growth of the financial institutions involved loan syndication, but their activities which have been quite remarkable over the years.Also, the study of the extent to which union bank of Nigeria plc employ syndic ated loan as an alternative financing means with particular reference to Anambra and Enugu states respective financing means with loan as an alternatively have been carried out in this study. The researcher carefully appraised all aspects of loan syndication as financing alternative in the country from the point of view of the borrower. It is also made clear in this work that consideration of numerous merits of syndicated loan financing as against its demerits.It is not to be used as a last resort but should be considered alongside with equivalent alternatives. All these notwithstanding the most important of this study (it empirical study) is to know the popularity of syndicated loan financing among business organization in the country and the extent to which they employ it as financing alternative, no such study has been carried out in Nigeria. For the empirical study, Anambra and Enugu State respectively have been chosen due to constraint imposed by cost and short-term on the rese archer, otherwise the researcher could have conducted the survey throughout the country. . STATEMENT OF PROBLEM There are conflicting views as to whether business organizations should be financed by syndicated loan or not. The opposition to the use of this alternative, especially in Nigeria, argues that syndicated loan is expensive and involves much administrative work. Also, there is need to point out in every clear terms the advantages inherent in syndicated loan as medium and long term financing alternative. Besides, a review of the role of financial institutions in financing Nigeria business organization through syndicate loan is of paramount importance.In addition to the above, the extent to which syndicated loan financing is embraced by Union bank of Nigeria Plc. In the country need to be studies to know actually whether the much emphasized syndicated loan financing is being employed as financing alternative in Nigeria. 3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study inclu des inter-allies; – An examination in general terms of the various issues involved in loan syndication. – To find out whether loan syndication is really a new approach to or another form of borrowing. To synthesize the merits and demerits of syndicated loan-financing vis-a-vis other sources of medium and long-term financing both by cost and codeless. – To survey the extent and prospects of loan syndication business in Nigeria analyzing critically the role of business organizations and financial institutions. – To find out whether loan syndication can help in industrial development of the country, especially under the current economic situation. – To examine the extent of penetration of syndicated loan financing among business organizations in the country. 1. 4SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThis study will be of crucial benefit to the borrowers. The attention of the researcher was drawn by the need for loan syndication in Nigeria especially in the area of providing the borrower with credit facilities. This becomes obvious that will be a need to grant study that could examine loan syndication as it affects the investment and capital project outlays. Therefore, the significant of this study is to look into ways of making it easy for financing a capital project outlays which requires a syndicated loan, and also to encourage financial firms to jointly finance project which one financial firm cannot single handedly finance.It is hoped that after this study. It will be useful to every bank especially those in merchant banking and development banking. It will also provide information to general public on how to employ loan syndication as alternative business financing. This work is expected to be of immense values to the students in financial studies and other related courses mostly accountancy, banking and finance and so on, since this is part of what they are going to practice in their various place of work.Lastly, it will and government and other institutions to formulate suitable policy that will guide them in financing a big projects jointly with other financing firm. 1. 5SCOPE OF THE STUDY This research work only covers the loan syndication as an alternative business financing strategy in Nigeria. I took a close looks at the needs, functions and various benefit associated with Nigeria loan syndication. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The first limitation, which was obvious, is the dearth of statistical data.Lack of statistical data from our financial institutions like central bank of Nigeria (CBN), ministry of finance, including commercial and merchant banks where the researcher visited at Enugu, Onitsha and Lagos to collect list of corporations they have financed through syndicated loan adhered strictly to the rule of secretly in banking, thus they refused to release such information. Another problem is the time constraint. A research of this nature need relatively long time during which information for accurate infi rmness could be drawn, the period for the study is short , hence time posed as a constraint to the researcher.Lastly, as the cost, the researcher would have extended the survey to other states at the empirical level and this would have produced accurate and more comprehensive work but for the hinge cost of transportation and accommodation in the various state of the federation. It is not possible. 1. 6 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS: Ho syndicated loan has been employed against other alternatives as a medium long term financing strategy. Hi syndicate loan has not been employed against other alternatives as a medium long term financing strategy. Ho does syndicate loan has any impact on our national economy?Hi syndicated loan has much impact in our national economy. Ho syndicated loan has much impact in our national economy. 1. 7 DEFINITION OF TERMS: The research topic has some key words, which call for treatment before anything else. SYNDICATE: It has been defined as an association of indus trialist, or financials or banking consortium forced to carry out come industrial projects. LOAN SYNDICATION: It is defined as an agreement between two or more lending financial institutions to provide a borrower with credit facility utilizing common loan documentation. —–Important Instructions Start here—- PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s). Remember that our approved websites are www. careerslight. com or www. trustyprojects. com and our official phone numbers are 08169533305, 08158646653, 08126773402. Take Note of our websites and phone numbers or write them down. VIEW CHAPTER ONE FREE BEFORE PAYMENT We show TABLE OF CONTENT and CHAPTER ONE free in order to prove to our new visitor(s) that we are real and this material is available.HOW TO BUY OR RECEIVE COMPLETE PROJECT MATERIAL(S) After paying the appropriate amount (N3000) into any of our bank Accounts, send the following i nformation to 08169533305 or 08158646653 or 08126773402 1) Depositor’s Name 2) Teller Number 3) Bank Location 4) Amount Paid 5) Project Topic(s) 6) Email Address(es) 7) Date of Payment We will send complete project materials (Chapter One to Five which also include: Abstract, Proposal, References, Questionnaires, etc) to your email immediately we confirm your payment or within 1-5hours.ALL OUR PROJECT MATERIALS ARE ALREADY WRITTEN AND TYPED WITH MICROSOFT WORD(COMPACTIBLE). YOU CAN OPEN OUR MATERIALS WITH MICROSOFT WORD OR WORDPAD. ANY COMPUTER CAN OPEN OUR PROJECT MATERIALS. NOTE: Please, before you make any payment, make sure your topic or related topic is on this website. Do not pay if your topic is not on this website. THIS TOPIC ON THIS PAGE IS AVAILABLE. VIEW OTHER DIFFERENT TOPICS/MATERIALS We have more than 10,000 different topics and materials. If you want to view other topics/materials, visit any of our websites: www. careerslight. com www. rustyprojects. com BANK AC COUNTS If you want our bank Account, Visit wwww. careerslight. com and click on â€Å"Bank Account† button on the top menu/navigation bar. Or Call: 08169533305, 08158646653, 08126773402 to send Bank Account to you. PLEASE, make sure you dial our numbers accurately. PARTNERSHIP After Purchasing your own project materials from us, you can become our partner if you wish. Copy all our topics and give to your friends. Then buy their materials from us at a reduced price and resale to your friends when approved. Who is qualified to be our partner or agent?Any student can be our partner free. But you must have purchased your own. Then, you use your own as a sample to convince your own customers. Any Computer or Business Center in Higher Institution can also partner with us. Others are also allowed to partner with us If you want to be our partner, please contact us through 08169533305, 08158646653 or 08126773402 NOTE: Please, BEFORE YOU PAY/ORDER for any material, make sure the topic or related topic is on this website (Careerslight. com or Trustyprojects. com). And browse through the TABLE OF CONTENT before payment.If you can see the topic or table of content or chapter one, that shows it is available. We only provide already written materials for Topics on this website. Please, DO NOT PAY/ORDER IF YOU TOPIC OR RELATED TOPIC IS NOT ON THIS SITE. TERMS OF USE/AGREEMENT Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist or direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING and we are not part of it.IF YOU MUST COPY WORD-TO-WORD, PLEASE DO NOT ORDER/BUY this material. That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word. DO US A FAVOUR Please, after purchasing your own project materials from us, tell your friends about us. Please, show your friends or love ones the mater ials you purchased from us. FOR MORE INFORMATION For any other information call – Evang. Emezue (Manager): 08169533305 (mtn) 08158646653 (glo) 08126773402(Airtel) Operation Days: Monday to Saturday Operation Time: 7am to 6pm ——Important Instructions End here—- God bless you